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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</span></h1>
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<p><b>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</b> <span class="navigation-not-searchable" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ab\/ChandrasekharPronunciation.ogg\/ChandrasekharPronunciation.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;<span style=\&quot;white-space:initial;\&quot;>Aussprache<\/span>&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;de&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;ChandrasekharPronunciation.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/ChandrasekharPronunciation.ogg/ChandrasekharPronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Audio abspielen" title="Audio abspielen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span style="white-space:initial;">Aussprache</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">ⓘ</sup></span></span> (* <a href="19._Oktober" title="19. Oktober">19. Oktober</a> <a href="1910" title="1910">1910</a> in <a href="Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="Britisch-Indien" title="Britisch-Indien">Britisch-Indien</a>; † <a href="21._August" title="21. August">21. August</a> <a href="1995" title="1995">1995</a> in <a href="Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>) war <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">US-amerikanischer</a> (<a href="Astrophysiker" title="Astrophysiker">Astro</a>-)<a href="Physiker" title="Physiker">Physiker</a> indischer, genauer tamilischer Herkunft und <a href="Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Physik#1980er_Jahre" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physik">1983 Nobelpreisträger für Physik</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben_und_Werk">Leben und Werk</h2></div>
<p>Der indische Physiker <a href="C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C.&nbsp;V. Raman</a> (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman; 1888–1970) war sein Onkel. Der Namensbestandteil Subrahmanyan ist ein <a href="Patronym" title="Patronym">patronymischer</a>, kein Familienname, deshalb wird mit Bezug auf ihn Chandrasekhar verwendet. Chandrasekhar (genannt <b>Chandra</b>) übersiedelte mit seiner Familie 1918 nach <a href="Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a>, wo er das College besuchte. 1930 verließ Chandrasekhar sein Heimatland und setzte seine Studien der Physik am <a href="Trinity_College_(Cambridge)" title="Trinity College (Cambridge)">Trinity College</a> in <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> (<a href="England" title="England">England</a>) fort, was aufgrund eines Stipendiums möglich war. In den 18 Tagen auf See – von <a href="Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> nach <a href="Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> – schrieb Chandrasekhar Physikgeschichte. Im Alter von 19 Jahren berechnete und fand er die Grenzmasse für Weiße Zwerge, die <a href="Chandrasekhar-Grenze" title="Chandrasekhar-Grenze">Chandrasekhar-Grenze</a>, nach der die Masse eines <a href="Wei%C3%9Fer_Zwerg" title="Weißer Zwerg">Weißen Zwerges</a> nicht mehr als ungefähr 1,4&nbsp;<a href="Sonnenmasse" title="Sonnenmasse">Sonnenmassen</a> betragen kann. Der zu dieser Zeit bedeutende Astrophysiker <a href="Arthur_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> sah dies im Widerspruch zu seinen Ergebnissen und bekämpfte Chandrasekhar nicht nur wissenschaftlich, sondern auch auf persönlicher Ebene.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Anm. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dies war möglicherweise auch ein Grund, warum Chandrasekhar 1937 an die <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Universität von Chicago</a> wechselte, wo er bis zu seinem Tod 1995 blieb. Chandrasekhar promovierte 1933 und erhielt (zu seiner eigenen Überraschung) ein weiteres Stipendium am Trinity College. Dadurch konnte er seine Arbeit über den von ihm entdeckten Grenzwert<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Anm. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fortsetzen und zum Abschluss bringen. <a href="1983" title="1983">1983</a> erhielt er den <a href="Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Nobelpreis für Physik">Nobelpreis für Physik</a> „für seine theoretischen Studien der physikalischen Prozesse, die für die Struktur und Entwicklung der <a href="Stern" title="Stern">Sterne</a> von Bedeutung sind“.
</p><p>Seine Forschungsergebnisse legte er häufig in <a href="Monografie" title="Monografie">Monografien</a> vor, so über den Aufbau der Sterne 1939 („Introduction to the study of stellar structure“), Dynamik von Stern-Systemen 1943, Strahlungstransport 1950, hydrodynamische Stabilität 1961, Rotationsfiguren von Flüssigkeiten 1969 („Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium“) oder die mathematische Theorie schwarzer Löcher 1983.
</p><p>1995 veröffentlichte er eine Ausgabe von <a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newtons</a> <i><a href="Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i>, die er mit einem ausführlichen Kommentar versah – „Newton’s Principia for the Common Reader“.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schriften">Schriften</h2></div>
<ul><li><i>Plasma physics</i>, University of Chicago Press 1960</li>
<li><i>Ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium</i>, Yale University Press 1967, Dover 1987</li>
<li><i>Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability</i>, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1961, Dover 1981</li>
<li><i>Principles of stellar dynamics</i>, University of Chicago Press 1942, Dover 1960, 2005</li>
<li><i>Radiative Transfer</i>, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1950, Dover 1960</li>
<li><i>Introduction to the study of stellar structure</i>, University of Chicago Press 1939, Dover 1957</li>
<li><i>The mathematical theory of black holes</i>, Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992</li>
<li><i>Eddington – the most distinguished astrophysicist of his time</i>, Oxford University Press 1983</li>
<li><i>Newton´s Principia for the common reader</i>, Oxford University Press 1995</li>
<li><i>Truth and beauty: aesthetics and motivations in science</i>, University of Chicago Press 1987</li>
<li>Kameshwar C. Wali (Hrsg.): <i>A quest for perspectives: Selected Works of S. Chandrasekhar.</i> 2 Bände, Imperial College Press/World Scientific 2001</li>
<li><i>Selected papers</i>, 7 Bände, University of Chicago Press:
<ul><li>Band 1: <i>Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres</i>, 1989</li>
<li>Band 2: <i>Radiative transfer and negative ion of hydrogen</i>, 1989</li>
<li>Band 3: <i>Stochastic, statistical, and hydromagnetic problems in physics and astronomy</i>, 1989</li>
<li>Band 4: <i>Plasma physics, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability and applications of the tensor virial theorem</i>, 1989</li>
<li>Band 5: <i>Relativistic astrophysics</i>, 1990</li>
<li>Band 6: <i>The mathematical theory of black holes and colliding plane waves</i>, 1991</li>
<li>Band 7: <i>The non radial oscillations of stars in general relativity and other writings</i>, 1996</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Stochastic problems in physics and astronomy</i>, Reviews of Modern Physics, Band 15, 1943, S. 1–89.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitgliedschaften">Mitgliedschaften</h2></div>
<p>1945 wurde er gewähltes Mitglied der <a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1946 wurde Chandrasekhar in die <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> gewählt.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seit 1955 war er Mitglied der <a href="National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. 1973 wurde er korrespondierendes Mitglied der <a href="Bayerische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" title="Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften">Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_des_Sciences%2C_des_Lettres_et_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Belgique" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique">Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique</a> nahm ihn 1964 als assoziiertes Mitglied auf.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ehrungen">Ehrungen</h2></div>
<ul><li>1949: <a href="Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship" title="Henry Norris Russell Lectureship">Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</a></li>
<li>1952: <a href="Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a></li>
<li>1953: <a href="Goldmedaille_der_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Goldmedaille der Royal Astronomical Society">Goldmedaille der Royal Astronomical Society</a></li>
<li>1962: <a href="Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> der <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li>
<li>1966: <a href="National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a></li>
<li>1968: <a href="Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></li>
<li>1973: <a href="Marian-Smoluchowski-Medaille" title="Marian-Smoluchowski-Medaille">Marian-Smoluchowski-Medaille</a></li>
<li>1974: <a href="Dannie-Heineman-Preis_f%C3%BCr_mathematische_Physik" title="Dannie-Heineman-Preis für mathematische Physik">Dannie-Heineman-Preis für mathematische Physik</a></li>
<li>1979: Ein 1970 entdeckter Asteroid des äußeren Hauptgürtels wurde nach ihm benannt: <a href="(1958)_Chandra" title="(1958) Chandra">(1958) Chandra</a></li>
<li>1981: erster <a href="Tomalla-Preis" title="Tomalla-Preis">Tomalla-Preis</a></li>
<li>1983: <a href="Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Nobelpreis für Physik">Nobelpreis für Physik</a></li>
<li>1984: <a href="Copleymedaille" class="mw-redirect" title="Copleymedaille">Copleymedaille</a></li>
<li>1986: <a href="Karl-Schwarzschild-Medaille" title="Karl-Schwarzschild-Medaille">Karl-Schwarzschild-Medaille</a> der <a href="Astronomische_Gesellschaft" title="Astronomische Gesellschaft">Astronomischen Gesellschaft</a></li>
<li>Zu Ehren Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhars wurde ein von der <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> gebauter und 1999 gestarteter Röntgensatellit <a href="Chandra_(Teleskop)" title="Chandra (Teleskop)">Chandra X-Ray Observatory</a> benannt.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>K. C. Wali: <i>Chandra. A biography of S. Chandrasekhar.</i> University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL 1991, ISBN 0-226-87054-5.</li>
<li>Arthur I. Miller: <i>Der Krieg der Astronomen. Wie die schwarzen Löcher das Licht der Welt erblickten</i>. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2006, ISBN 3-421-05697-8.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&amp;query=119007665">Literatur von und über Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> im Katalog der <a href="Deutsche_Nationalbibliothek" title="Deutsche Nationalbibliothek">Deutschen Nationalbibliothek</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&amp;db_key=PRE&amp;qform=AST&amp;arxiv_sel=astro-ph&amp;arxiv_sel=cond-mat&amp;arxiv_sel=cs&amp;arxiv_sel=gr-qc&amp;arxiv_sel=hep-ex&amp;arxiv_sel=hep-lat&amp;arxiv_sel=hep-ph&amp;arxiv_sel=hep-th&amp;arxiv_sel=math&amp;arxiv_sel=math-ph&amp;arxiv_sel=nlin&amp;arxiv_sel=nucl-ex&amp;arxiv_sel=nucl-th&amp;arxiv_sel=physics&amp;arxiv_sel=quant-ph&amp;arxiv_sel=q-bio&amp;sim_query=YES&amp;ned_query=YES&amp;adsobj_query=YES&amp;aut_logic=OR&amp;obj_logic=OR&amp;author=Chandrasekhar%2C+S.&amp;object=&amp;start_mon=&amp;start_year=&amp;end_mon=&amp;end_year=&amp;ttl_logic=SIMPLE&amp;title=&amp;txt_logic=OR&amp;text=&amp;nr_to_return=200&amp;start_nr=1&amp;jou_pick=ALL&amp;ref_stems=&amp;data_and=ALL&amp;group_and=ALL&amp;start_entry_day=&amp;start_entry_mon=&amp;start_entry_year=&amp;end_entry_day=&amp;end_entry_mon=&amp;end_entry_year=&amp;min_score=&amp;sort=SCORE&amp;data_type=SHORT&amp;aut_syn=YES&amp;ttl_syn=YES&amp;txt_syn=YES&amp;aut_wt=1.0&amp;obj_wt=1.0&amp;ttl_wt=0.3&amp;txt_wt=3.0&amp;aut_wgt=YES&amp;obj_wgt=YES&amp;ttl_wgt=YES&amp;txt_wgt=YES&amp;ttl_sco=YES&amp;txt_sco=YES&amp;version=1">Veröffentlichungen von S. Chandrasekhar</a> im <a href="Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1983/summary/">Informationen</a> der <a href="Nobelpreis" title="Nobelpreis">Nobelstiftung</a> zur Preisverleihung 1983 an Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (englisch)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/chandrasekhar-lecture.html">Chandrasekhar „On stars, their evolution and stability“, Nobel Vorlesung</a></li>
<li><a href="Peter_Richter_(Physiker)" title="Peter Richter (Physiker)">Peter Hilmar Richter</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-nonlinear.physik.uni-bremen.de/download/ChandraNewton.pdf"><i>Chandrasekhar und Newton</i></a> (PDF; 902&nbsp;kB)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/schandrasekhar.html">Biografie National Academy of Sciences</a></li>
<li>John J. O’Connor, <a href="Edmund_Robertson" title="Edmund Robertson">Edmund F. Robertson</a>:&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chandrasekhar/"><i>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.</i></a> In: <span lang="en"><i><a href="MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></i></span>&nbsp;(englisch).</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&amp;db_key=PRE&amp;qform=AST&amp;arxiv_sel=astro-ph&amp;arxiv_sel=cond-mat&amp;arxiv_sel=cs&amp;arxiv_sel=gr-qc&amp;arxiv_sel=hep-ex&amp;arxiv_sel=hep-lat&amp;arxiv_sel=hep-ph&amp;arxiv_sel=hep-th&amp;arxiv_sel=math&amp;arxiv_sel=math-ph&amp;arxiv_sel=nlin&amp;arxiv_sel=nucl-ex&amp;arxiv_sel=nucl-th&amp;arxiv_sel=physics&amp;arxiv_sel=quant-ph&amp;arxiv_sel=q-bio&amp;sim_query=YES&amp;ned_query=YES&amp;adsobj_query=YES&amp;aut_logic=OR&amp;obj_logic=OR&amp;author=&amp;object=&amp;start_mon=00&amp;start_year=1995&amp;end_mon=09&amp;end_year=1996&amp;ttl_logic=SIMPLE&amp;title=Chandrasekhar+-Dwarfs+-radiative+-Gravitational+-hydrodynamic+-deflagrations&amp;txt_logic=OR&amp;text=&amp;nr_to_return=200&amp;start_nr=1&amp;jou_pick=ALL&amp;ref_stems=&amp;data_and=ALL&amp;group_and=ALL&amp;start_entry_day=&amp;start_entry_mon=&amp;start_entry_year=&amp;end_entry_day=&amp;end_entry_mon=&amp;end_entry_year=&amp;min_score=&amp;sort=SCORE&amp;data_type=SHORT&amp;aut_syn=YES&amp;ttl_syn=YES&amp;txt_syn=YES&amp;aut_wt=1.0&amp;obj_wt=1.0&amp;ttl_wt=0.3&amp;txt_wt=3.0&amp;aut_wgt=YES&amp;obj_wgt=YES&amp;ttl_wgt=YES&amp;txt_wgt=YES&amp;ttl_sco=YES&amp;txt_sco=YES&amp;version=1">Nachrufe auf S. Chandrasekhar</a> im <a href="Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a></li>
<li>Wolfgang Burgmer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.wdr.de/radio/wdr5/sendungen/zeitzeichen/chandrasekhar-100.html"><i>19.10.1910 – Geburtstag von Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</i></a> <a href="WDR" class="mw-redirect" title="WDR">WDR</a> <a href="ZeitZeichen_(H%C3%B6rfunksendung)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZeitZeichen (Hörfunksendung)">ZeitZeichen</a> vom 19. Oktober 2020. (Podcast)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="Anm.">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trotzdem schrieb Chandrasekhar 1983 dessen Biografie</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatsächlich wurde dieser Grenzwert auch von anderen Physikern vor und nach Chandrasekhar aus der Quantenmechanik hergeleitet, jedoch erkannte offensichtlich keiner dessen tatsächliche Bedeutung.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&amp;title=&amp;subject=&amp;subdiv=&amp;mem=&amp;year=&amp;year-max=&amp;dead=&amp;keyword=&amp;smode=advanced"><i>Member History: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.</i></a> American Philosophical Society,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 17.&nbsp;Juni 2018</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&amp;rft.title=Member+History%3A+Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&amp;rft.description=Member+History%3A+Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DSubrahmanyan%2BChandrasekhar%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&amp;rft.publisher=American+Philosophical+Society">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Members of the American Academy. Listed by election year, 1900–1949</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/electionIndex1900-1949.pdf">PDF</a>). Abgerufen am 11. Oktober 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitgliedseintrag von <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://badw.de/data/footer-navigation/personentreffer.html?tx_badwdb_badwperson%5Bper_id%5D=480&amp;tx_badwdb_badwperson%5BpartialType%5D=BADWPersonDetailsPartial&amp;tx_badwdb_badwperson%5BmemberType%5D=&amp;tx_badwdb_badwperson%5Baction%5D=show&amp;tx_badwdb_badwperson%5Bcontroller%5D=BADWPerson">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></i> (mit Link zu einem Nachruf) bei der <a href="Bayerische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" title="Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften">Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a>, abgerufen am 14. Januar 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academieroyale.be/fr/who-who-detail/relations/subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar/"><i>Académicien décédé: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.</i></a> Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;August 2023</span> (französisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASubrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&amp;rft.title=Acad%C3%A9micien+d%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9%3A+Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&amp;rft.description=Acad%C3%A9micien+d%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9%3A+Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Facademieroyale.be%2Ffr%2Fwho-who-detail%2Frelations%2Fsubrahmanyan-chandrasekhar%2F&amp;rft.publisher=Acad%C3%A9mie+royale+des+Sciences%2C+des+Lettres+et+des+Beaux-Arts+de+Belgique&amp;rft.language=fr">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physik">Träger des Nobelpreises für Physik</a></div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<p>1901:&nbsp;<a href="Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a>&nbsp;|
1902:&nbsp;<a href="Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Lorentz</a>, <a href="Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a>&nbsp;|
1903:&nbsp;<a href="Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M.&nbsp;Curie</a>, <a href="Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P.&nbsp;Curie</a>&nbsp;|
1904:&nbsp;<a href="John_Strutt%2C_3._Baron_Rayleigh" title="John Strutt, 3. Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a>&nbsp;|
1905:&nbsp;<a href="Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a>&nbsp;|
1906:&nbsp;<a href="Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Thomson</a>&nbsp;|
1907:&nbsp;<a href="Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a>&nbsp;|
1908:&nbsp;<a href="Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a>&nbsp;|
1909:&nbsp;<a href="Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a>, <a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>&nbsp;|
1910:&nbsp;<a href="Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van&nbsp;der&nbsp;Waals</a>&nbsp;|
1911:&nbsp;<a href="Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a>&nbsp;|
1912:&nbsp;<a href="Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a>&nbsp;|
1913:&nbsp;<a href="Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh&nbsp;Onnes</a>&nbsp;|
1914:&nbsp;<a href="Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a>&nbsp;|
1915:&nbsp;<a href="William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Bragg</a>, <a href="William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;Bragg</a>&nbsp;|
1916:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1917:&nbsp;<a href="Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a>&nbsp;|
1918:&nbsp;<a href="Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a>&nbsp;|
1919:&nbsp;<a href="Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a>&nbsp;|
1920:&nbsp;<a href="Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a>&nbsp;|
1921:&nbsp;<a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>&nbsp;|
1922:&nbsp;<a href="Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a>&nbsp;|
1923:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a>&nbsp;|
1924:&nbsp;<a href="Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a>&nbsp;|
1925:&nbsp;<a href="James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a>, <a href="Gustav_Hertz" title="Gustav Hertz">Hertz</a>&nbsp;|
1926:&nbsp;<a href="Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Perrin</a>&nbsp;|
1927:&nbsp;<a href="Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a>, <a href="Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;Wilson</a>&nbsp;|
1928:&nbsp;<a href="Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. W. Richardson</a>&nbsp;|
1929:&nbsp;<a href="Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de&nbsp;Broglie</a>&nbsp;|
1930:&nbsp;<a href="C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a>&nbsp;|
1931:&nbsp;<i>nicht&nbsp;verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1932:&nbsp;<a href="Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a>&nbsp;|
1933:&nbsp;<a href="Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>, <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a>&nbsp;|
1934:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1935:&nbsp;<a href="James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a>&nbsp;|
1936:&nbsp;<a href="Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C.&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Anderson</a>&nbsp;|
1937:&nbsp;<a href="Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a>, <a href="George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G.&nbsp;P.&nbsp;Thomson</a>&nbsp;|
1938:&nbsp;<a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a>&nbsp;|
1939:&nbsp;<a href="Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a>&nbsp;|
1940–1942:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1943:&nbsp;<a href="Otto_Stern_(Physiker)" title="Otto Stern (Physiker)">Stern</a>&nbsp;|
1944:&nbsp;<a href="Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a>&nbsp;|
1945:&nbsp;<a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a>&nbsp;|
1946:&nbsp;<a href="Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a>&nbsp;|
1947:&nbsp;<a href="Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a>&nbsp;|
1948:&nbsp;<a href="Patrick_Blackett%2C_Baron_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Blackett</a>&nbsp;|
1949:&nbsp;<a href="Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a>&nbsp;|
1950:&nbsp;<a href="Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a>&nbsp;|
1951:&nbsp;<a href="John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a>, <a href="Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a>&nbsp;|
1952:&nbsp;<a href="Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a>&nbsp;|
1953:&nbsp;<a href="Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a>&nbsp;|
1954:&nbsp;<a href="Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a>, <a href="Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a>&nbsp;|
1955:&nbsp;<a href="Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Lamb</a>, <a href="Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a>&nbsp;|
1956:&nbsp;<a href="William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a>&nbsp;|
1957:&nbsp;<a href="Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a>, <a href="Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.-D.&nbsp;Lee</a>&nbsp;|
1958:&nbsp;<a href="Pawel_Alexejewitsch_Tscherenkow" title="Pawel Alexejewitsch Tscherenkow">Tscherenkow</a>, <a href="Ilja_Michailowitsch_Frank" title="Ilja Michailowitsch Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="Igor_Jewgenjewitsch_Tamm" title="Igor Jewgenjewitsch Tamm">Tamm</a>&nbsp;|
1959:&nbsp;<a href="Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a>, <a href="Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a>&nbsp;|
1960:&nbsp;<a href="Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a>&nbsp;|
1961:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a>, <a href="Rudolf_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer" title="Rudolf Mößbauer">Mößbauer</a>&nbsp;|
1962:&nbsp;<a href="Lew_Dawidowitsch_Landau" title="Lew Dawidowitsch Landau">Landau</a>&nbsp;|
1963:&nbsp;<a href="Eugene_Paul_Wigner" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen" title="Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen">Jensen</a>&nbsp;|
1964:&nbsp;<a href="Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="Nikolai_Gennadijewitsch_Bassow" title="Nikolai Gennadijewitsch Bassow">Bassow</a>, <a href="Alexander_Michailowitsch_Prochorow" title="Alexander Michailowitsch Prochorow">Prochorow</a>&nbsp;|
1965:&nbsp;<a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a>, <a href="Julian_Seymour_Schwinger" title="Julian Seymour Schwinger">Schwinger</a>, <a href="Shin%E2%80%99ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin’ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>&nbsp;|
1966:&nbsp;<a href="Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a>&nbsp;|
1967:&nbsp;<a href="Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a>&nbsp;|
1968:&nbsp;<a href="Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a>&nbsp;|
1969:&nbsp;<a href="Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a>&nbsp;|
1970:&nbsp;<a href="Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a>, <a href="Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a>&nbsp;|
1971:&nbsp;<a href="Dennis_G%C3%A1bor" title="Dennis Gábor">Gábor</a>&nbsp;|
1972:&nbsp;<a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Cooper</a>, <a href="John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a>&nbsp;|
1973:&nbsp;<a href="Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a>, <a href="Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a>&nbsp;|
1974:&nbsp;<a href="Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a>, <a href="Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a>&nbsp;|
1975:&nbsp;<a href="Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. N. Bohr</a>, <a href="Ben_Mottelson" title="Ben Mottelson">Mottelson</a>, <a href="James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a>&nbsp;|
1976:&nbsp;<a href="Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a>, <a href="Samuel_Chao_Chung_Ting" title="Samuel Chao Chung Ting">Ting</a>&nbsp;|
1977:&nbsp;<a href="Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a>, <a href="Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a>, <a href="John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van&nbsp;Vleck</a>&nbsp;|
1978:&nbsp;<a href="Pjotr_Leonidowitsch_Kapiza" title="Pjotr Leonidowitsch Kapiza">Kapiza</a>, <a href="Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Penzias</a>, <a href="Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Wilson</a>&nbsp;|
1979:&nbsp;<a href="Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a>, <a href="Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a>&nbsp;|
1980:&nbsp;<a href="James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a>, <a href="Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a>&nbsp;|
1981:&nbsp;<a href="Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a>, <a href="Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K.&nbsp;Siegbahn</a>&nbsp;|
1982:&nbsp;<a href="Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">K. Wilson</a>&nbsp;|
1983:&nbsp;<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a>&nbsp;|
1984:&nbsp;<a href="Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a>, <a href="Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van&nbsp;der&nbsp;Meer</a>&nbsp;|
1985:&nbsp;<a href="Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a>&nbsp;|
1986:&nbsp;<a href="Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a>, <a href="Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a>&nbsp;|
1987:&nbsp;<a href="Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a>, <a href="Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a>&nbsp;|
1988:&nbsp;<a href="Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a>, <a href="Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a>&nbsp;|
1989:&nbsp;<a href="Wolfgang_Paul_(Physiker)" title="Wolfgang Paul (Physiker)">Paul</a>, <a href="Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a>, <a href="Norman_Ramsey" title="Norman Ramsey">Ramsey</a>&nbsp;|
1990:&nbsp;<a href="Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">R. E. Taylor</a>&nbsp;|
1991:&nbsp;<a href="Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de&nbsp;Gennes</a>&nbsp;|
1992:&nbsp;<a href="Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a>&nbsp;|
1993:&nbsp;<a href="Russell_Hulse" title="Russell Hulse">Hulse</a>, <a href="Joseph_Hooton_Taylor%2C_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">J.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Taylor</a>&nbsp;|
1994:&nbsp;<a href="Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a>, <a href="Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a>&nbsp;|
1995:&nbsp;<a href="Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a>&nbsp;|
1996:&nbsp;<a href="David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. M. Lee</a>, <a href="Douglas_Dean_Osheroff" title="Douglas Dean Osheroff">Osheroff</a>, <a href="Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Richardson</a>&nbsp;|
1997:&nbsp;<a href="Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a>&nbsp;|
1998:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a>, <a href="Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a>&nbsp;|
1999:&nbsp;<a href="Gerard_%E2%80%99t_Hooft" title="Gerard ’t Hooft">’t&nbsp;Hooft</a>, <a href="Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a>&nbsp;|
2000:&nbsp;<a href="Schores_Iwanowitsch_Alfjorow" title="Schores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow">Alfjorow</a>, <a href="Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a>, <a href="Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a>&nbsp;|
2001:&nbsp;<a href="Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a>, <a href="Carl_Edwin_Wieman" title="Carl Edwin Wieman">Wieman</a>&nbsp;|
2002:&nbsp;<a href="Raymond_Davis_junior" title="Raymond Davis junior">Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a>, <a href="Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a>&nbsp;|
2003:&nbsp;<a href="Alexei_Alexejewitsch_Abrikossow" title="Alexei Alexejewitsch Abrikossow">Abrikossow</a>, <a href="Witali_Lasarewitsch_Ginsburg" title="Witali Lasarewitsch Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a>, <a href="Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a>&nbsp;|
2004:&nbsp;<a href="David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">Politzer</a>, <a href="Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a>&nbsp;|
2005:&nbsp;<a href="Roy_Jay_Glauber" title="Roy Jay Glauber">Glauber</a>, <a href="John_Lewis_Hall" title="John Lewis Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a>&nbsp;|
2006:&nbsp;<a href="John_Cromwell_Mather" title="John Cromwell Mather">Mather</a>, <a href="George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a>&nbsp;|
2007:&nbsp;<a href="Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a>, <a href="Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a>&nbsp;|
2008:&nbsp;<a href="Y%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Nambu" title="Yōichirō Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="Makoto_Kobayashi_(Physiker)" title="Makoto Kobayashi (Physiker)">Kobayashi</a>, <a href="Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Maskawa</a>&nbsp;|
2009:&nbsp;<a href="Charles_Kuen_Kao" title="Charles Kuen Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a>, <a href="George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a>&nbsp;|
2010:&nbsp;<a href="Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a>, <a href="Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a>&nbsp;|
2011:&nbsp;<a href="Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="Brian_P._Schmidt" title="Brian P. Schmidt">Schmidt</a>, <a href="Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a>&nbsp;|
2012:&nbsp;<a href="Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a>, <a href="David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a>&nbsp;|
2013:&nbsp;<a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a>, <a href="Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a>&nbsp;|
2014:&nbsp;<a href="Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a>, <a href="Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a>&nbsp;|
2015:&nbsp;<a href="Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a>, <a href="Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a>&nbsp;|
2016:&nbsp;<a href="David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a>, <a href="F._Duncan_M._Haldane" title="F. Duncan M. Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a>&nbsp;|
2017:&nbsp;<a href="Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a>, <a href="Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a>, <a href="Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>&nbsp;|
2018:&nbsp;<a href="Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a>, <a href="Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a>&nbsp;|
2019:&nbsp;<a href="James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a>, <a href="Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a>&nbsp;|
2020:&nbsp;<a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a>, <a href="Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a>&nbsp;|
2021:&nbsp;<a href="Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a>, <a href="Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a>&nbsp;|
2022:&nbsp;<a href="Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a>, <a href="Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a>&nbsp;|
2023:&nbsp;<a href="Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a>, <a href="Anne_L%E2%80%99Huillier" title="Anne L’Huillier">L’Huillier</a>&nbsp;|
2024:&nbsp;<a href="John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a>, <a href="Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a>&nbsp;|
2025:&nbsp;<a href="John_Clarke_(Physiker)" title="John Clarke (Physiker)">Clarke</a>, <a href="Michel_Devoret" title="Michel Devoret">Devoret</a>, <a href="John_M._Martinis" title="John M. Martinis">Martinis</a>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Person): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119007665">119007665</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81068791">n81068791</a></span> | <a href="Web_NDL_Authorities" title="Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435692">00435692</a></span> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7422653/">7422653</a></span> | </div>
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